FCC Exam Question: 8-26C6

The nominal output high of the comparator shown in Fig. 8C11 is 4.5 volts. Choose the most correct statement which describes the trip points.

A. Upper trip point is 4.5 volts. Lower trip point is approximately 0 volts.
B. Upper trip point is 2.5 volts. Lower trip point is approximately 2.0 volts.
C. Upper trip point is 900 microvolts. Lower trip point is approximately 0 volts.
D. Upper trip point is +1.285 volts. Lower trip point is -1.285 volts.
Correct Answer: D

Explanation: This question describes a Schmitt trigger, a comparator circuit with positive feedback that provides hysteresis to prevent oscillation near the switching threshold. The trip points (Upper Trip Point, UTP, and Lower Trip Point, LTP) are determined by the comparator's output voltage levels and the feedback resistor divider ratio. Assuming Fig. 8C11 depicts a non-inverting Schmitt trigger with positive feedback (resistors $R_1$ from non-inverting input to ground and $R_2$ from output to non-inverting input), the trip points are calculated as $V_{out} \times \frac{R_1}{R_1 + R_2}$. Given a nominal output high ($V_{OH}$) of 4.5V, and inferring a symmetric output low ($V_{OL}$) of -4.5V (common for comparators with dual supplies and to match the symmetric answer), the UTP and LTP will be: UTP = $V_{OH} \times \frac{R_1}{R_1 + R_2}$ LTP = $V_{OL} \times \frac{R_1}{R_1 + R_2}$ For the trip points to be +1.285 volts and -1.285 volts, the resistor ratio $\frac{R_1}{R_1 + R_2}$ must be $\frac{1.285V}{4.5V} \approx 0.2855$. This ratio corresponds to common resistor values, for example, if $R_1=1k\Omega$ and $R_2=2.5k\Omega$ ($R_1/(R_1+R_2) = 1k/(1k+2.5k) = 1/3.5 \approx 0.2857$). Thus, UTP = $4.5V \times (1/3.5) \approx +1.285V$ and LTP = $-4.5V \times (1/3.5) \approx -1.285V$. Options A, B, and C describe trip points that are either incorrect, asymmetric, or do not reflect the typical symmetric operation of this type of Schmitt trigger circuit.

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Includes Elements 1, 3, 6, 7R, 8, and 9.